According to the BOL: Get Datasets and my test, as of now, there's no way to get that detailed information. so far, you can only get the dataset ID and Name.
However, I've noticed there is a preview Dataset properties, which contains the metadata info as you required. So I guess it might be possible in feature API release. You can just wait or vote up this idea View model metadata (tables, relationships, columns, measures) for all models across a tenant.